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The Role of
Sanitization & Disinfectants in the Control of Poultry Disease
by: DR.
WINSTON MOFFATT, SALSBURY LABORATORIES LTD.
Sanitization of
cleaning is the establishment of environmental conditions favourable to good
health. Procedures used to
sanitize a facility would utilize water and detergents or sanitizers to
physically remove organic debris and micro organisms.
Sanitizing does not kill all organisms but reduces them to safer
levels.
Disinfectants
are chemical compounds or agents that destroy or kill microbes such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi, but not all spore forms of bacteria.
Disinfectants possessing a residual activity will help delay
repopulating of organisms as long as it remains as a residue.
Benefits
of Sanitization & Disinfectants
1.
Eliminate certain diseases.
Some microorganisms are very pathogenic and must be
eradicated from the premise by thorough cleaning and disinfecting.
Examples of such diseases may be avian influenza, velogenic Newcastle
disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, and fowl cholera.
2.
Reduce certain diseases
Some microorganisms are very resistant to several disinfectants and even
though it is desirable to eradicate them, quite often it is only possible to
reduce their numbers to safer levels by conducting a thorough sanitation
program between flocks. Some
examples of these diseases would be the Infectious Bursal disease and the
Avian Reovirus group.
3.
Reduce stress
on birds
A reduction in the exposure of disease-causing
organisms to birds reduces the amount of stress placed on the bird resulting
in improved performance, improved profitability and reduced medication costs.
Studies have shown
that under normal conditions, a billion bacteria (excluding viruses) may
exist on one square centimetre of floor space.
Washing with a sanitizer/detergent and scrubbing, removes most (95%)
of the contamination.
Reasons for cleaning houses are as follows:
-
Removal
of organic debris exposing microorganisms to air and light.
Organic matter provides suitable shelter for disease microbes to
survive. Organic debris also
reduces efficacy of the follow-up disinfectant.
-
Removal
of microorganisms. Microbes,
as well as organic debris become mixed in the foam and suds of the
detergent and water mixture are washed away from inside the house.
-
Cleaning
with a water-sanitizer mixture will kill a proportion of microorganisms,
lessening the microbial load for the disinfectant to kill.
-
Thorough
cleaning and rinsing enhances the microbicidal activity of the
disinfectant. A material is
clean when it has been returned to its original colour and structure,
assuming its surface has not been destroyed.
Cleaning is a very
responsible job and should be conducted in a fairly orderly sequence of
events.
-
Remove
all birds from poultry house.
-
Remove
manure and litter and haul it far away from house.
-
Empty
feeders, hoppers, and bins.
-
Remove
all equipment possible and begin soaking them.
-
Blow
down (vacuum) dust from beams, ceiling, walls, inlets, fans, hoods,
stairways, etc.
-
Use
high-pressure spray as a pre-wash to remove any residual dust.
Soaking (pre-wash) saves time, energy, and water and improves
cleaning.
-
Shovel
and sweep up dust and organic debris.
-
Use
high-pressure spray (400 psi) with detergent/sanitizer to clean.
Scrape and scrub where necessary.
Use approximately 20 Imperial gallons water per 1000 square feet at
a maximum rate of 3 gallons per minute.
-
Rinse
entire house ensuring removal of all detergent.
-
Clean
inside of water lines by flushing with a disinfectant.
Flush well with pure water.
-
Uniformly
apply a disinfectant to entire interior of house.
A pressure sprayer or fogger may be used.
High pressure is not necessary for disinfecting.
One gallon of stock solution will disinfect 2000 square feet with an
8-foot ceiling.
-
Clean
and disinfect all removed equipment.
-
Make
necessary repairs to equipment.
-
Return
equipment and assemble.
-
Apply
cresylic acid and diesel fuel to outside areas surrounding the poultry
house and to earth floors.
-
Implement
an insect and rodent control program, if necessary.
-
Close
up house, shut-off fans and fumigate with formaldehyde gas.
This step may be optional.
Adding formalin liquid to potassium permanganate (2:1 ratio),
or
using paraformaldehyde prill (91%) or
using an aqueous formalin disinfectant will generate the formaldehyde gas.
Fumigation must be conducted carefully as the gas is toxic,
irritating and flammable.
-
Keep
the poultry-house clean by enforcing stringent biosecurity and isolation
management.
Notes:
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